ACARP ACARP ACARP ACARP
Open Cut

Energy Adsorption Capacity of Muck Piles and their Status as Engineered Hard Barriers

Open Cut » Rock Mechanics

Published: February 17Project Number: C21032

Get ReportAuthor: Klaus Thoeni and Anna Giacomini | The University of Newcastle

Windrows or safety berms are used in mine sites to protect haul trucks from rolling over an edge and to avoid collisions. Their current design is based on rules of thumb and the behaviour of windrows in mining applications is still poorly understood. It is, however, well known that the problem is extremely complex. A first attempt in analysing this complexity was made in Stage 1 where full-scale experiments and reduced-scale laboratory testing were combined with a simplified numerical model, based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM), to determine the energy absorption capacity of berms.

 

The results of Stage 1 indicate that the height of the berms or windrows should not only be related to the size of the vehicle, but also to the velocity the vehicle is travelling when running into the windrow. In addition, they clearly showed the need for a more advanced numerical model, which allows considering the entire body of the haul truck. This is necessary because it was found that the truck body plays a crucial role when impacting in forward motion particularly at high velocity. Hence, a realistic model, where the haul truck and its dynamics are modelled using Multi Body Dynamics (MBD), is developed in Stage 2. The model of the haul truck is then coupled with the DEM model of the windrow to allow more realistic predictions.

 

An extensive numerical analysis based on five representative scenarios with various windrow geometries is carried out: The scenarios include: a reversing truck at moderate velocity (Scenario S1), head-on collision at high velocity (Scenario S2), collision at shallow approach angle (Scenario S3), collision at shallow approach angle on ramp (Scenario S4) and side-wise collision due to sliding/skidding (Scenario S5).

 

The numerical analysis clearly highlights that the width of the windrow is equally if not more important as its height. Hence, the width should be considered in the design. In addition, the research shows that the effectiveness of the windrow in stopping an ultra-class haul truck also depends on the approach direction and approach velocity. This suggests that the windrow geometry needs to be adapted according to the most likely or most critical scenario, e.g., windrows on ramps should be bigger than the one on even haul roads. The application of high risk bunds to specific areas is encouraged.

 

For each representative scenario, design charts indicating the required windrow geometry (height and width) are derived for various truck velocities. Higher and wider berms proof to be more efficient in all scenarios. Trapezoidal windrows should be preferred as they are generally more effective. The suggested design charts can be used to design windrows for a specific speed limit or to estimate the admissible velocity for specific windrow geometries.

 

The analysis of windrows with low batter angles (α = 20°) clearly shows that a low batter angle increases the risk of the truck climbing the berm and the truck driver not noticing that contact has been made. The analysis also suggested that the amount of material (mass and volume of the windrow) is crucial as it provides the main resistance to the impact especially at high velocities where the dynamics of the collision play a critical role. Increasing the width not only adds additional resistance, but it also provides more room for a bigger braking/stopping distance. The analysis with rigid windrows shows that only windrows with batter angles of α ≥ 40° can effectively redirect the truck.

Underground

Health and safety, productivity and environment initiatives.

Recently Completed Projects

C33001Methodology Development Of Silica Analysis Of Dust On PDM Filter: Phase 1

Monitoring of personal exposure levels of respirable coal dust (RCD)...

C33009Ceramic Wall Flow Filter Commercialisation

The purpose of the project was to develop a commercially available a...

C28012Coal Micro-Fabric As A Trigger For Coal Bursts

This project was undertaken in two stages:

  • Stage 1 con...

Underground

Open Cut

Safety, productivity and the right to operate are priorities for open cut mine research.

Recently Completed Projects

C33034Evaluation Of A Novel Suspension Seat To Reduce Whole Body Vibration

Operators of earth moving equipment are known to be exposed to signi...

C35025CSR Predictions And Correlations Definition

Coke Strength after Reaction (CSR) is arguable the most price specif...

C34035Investigating Pittosporum Angustifolium For Mine Rehabilitation - Key Strain Identification, Medical And Environmental Applications And Germplasm Propagation Investigation

This project investigated the potential development of Pittosporu...

Open Cut

Coal Preparation

Maximising throughput and yield while minimising costs and emissions.

Recently Completed Projects

C35036Autonomous Stockpile Dozing: Quantifying Viability

The automation of bulldozer operations on stockpiles presents a sign...

C35024Froth Fotation Predicted V Actual Definition

Correct outcomes in froth flotation yield predictions for product as...

C35032Improving The Dewatering Of Fine Coal Tailings By Minimising Micro-Nano Bubbles

Dewatering of fine coal tailings remains a major operational challen...

Coal Preparation

Technical Market Support

Market acceptance and emphasising the advantages of Australian coals.

Recently Completed Projects

C35038Microalgae Blending For Low Carbon Metallurgical Coke Production

The introduction of renewable biomass into coal blends is regarded a...

C35005High Efficiency Low Emission Pilot-Scale Evaluation And Pecan Nut Shell Biochar Addition To Australian Coals For Thermal Uses

Current strategies to reduce the carbon intensity of coal-fired powe...

C35043Abrasion Resistance Of Coke Under Hydrogen Reduction Blast Furnace Conditions

The hydrogen enriched blast furnace is emerging as a viable alternat...

Technical Market Support

Mine Site Greenhouse Gas Mitigation

Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from the production of coal.

Recently Completed Projects

C34066Safe Operation Of Catalytic Reactors For The Oxidation Of VAM Operating Under Abnormal Reaction Conditions

The catalyst Pd/TS-1 has shown excellent activity in oxidising venti...

C28076Selective Absorption Of Methane By Ionic Liquids (SAMIL)

This third and final stage of this project was the culmination of a ...

C29069Low-Cost Catalyst Materials For Effective VAM Catalytic Oxidation

Application of ventilation air methane (VAM) thermal oxidiser requir...

Mine Site Greenhouse Gas Mitigation

Low Emission Coal Use

Step-change technologies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Recently Completed Projects

C17060BGasification Of Australian Coals

Four Australian coals were trialled in the Siemens 5 MWth pilot scale ga...

C17060AOxyfuel Technology For Carbon Capture And Storage Critical Clean Coal Technology - Interim Support

The status of oxy-fuel technology for first-generation plant is indicate...

C18007Review Of Underground Coal Gasification

This report consists of a broad review of underground coal gasification,...

Low Emission Coal Use

Mining And The Community

The relationship between mines and the local community.

Recently Completed Projects

C16027Assessing Housing And Labour Market Impacts Of Mining Developments In Bowen Basin Communities

The focus of this ACARP-funded project has been to identify a number...

C22029Understanding And Managing Cumulative Impacts Of Coal Mining And Other Land Uses In Regions With Diversified Economies

The coal industry operates in the context of competing land-uses that sh...

C23016Approval And Planning Assessment Of Black Coal Mines In NSW And Qld: A Review Of Economic Assessment Techniques

This reports on issues surrounding economic assessment and analysis ...

Mining And The Community

NERDDC

National Energy Research,Development & Demonstration Council (NERDDC) reports - pre 1992.

Recently Completed Projects

1609-C1609Self Heating of Spoil Piles from Open Cut Coal Mines

Self Heating of Spoil Piles from Open Cut Coal Mines

1301-C1301Stress Control Methods for Optimised Development...

Stress Control Methods for Optimised Development and Extraction Operations

0033-C1356Commissioned Report: Australian Thermal Coals...

Commissioned Report: Australian Thermal Coals - An Industry Handbook

NERDDC